The collective and individual imagination is richly populated by narratives that blend fiction and reality, giving meaning to human existence. From childhood, we are exposed to stories, myths, legends, and fables that shape our worldview. These accounts, passed down from generation to generation, are crucial for building the cultural and collective identity of social groups. Among these narrative forms, myths stand out, possessing unique characteristics and playing a fundamental role in creating collective imagination and understanding human experience.
Definition and Characteristics
Myths are deep and complex narratives created by various cultures throughout the centuries. More than simple tales, they explain the workings of the universe, both in physical and spiritual realms. Additionally, they convey behavioral lessons and values, guiding people on right and wrong.
Populated by emblematic characters — gods, heroes, and supernatural beings — myths play crucial roles in the formation of the cosmos and the creation of specific cultural symbols. Their deep symbolic function expresses concepts, emotions, and ideas frequently connected to the rituals and practices of each culture.
Mythical narratives, rich in symbolism, were used by ancient peoples to unravel the mysteries of nature and share teachings about life. Through them, people learned about human virtues and flaws, passing down valuable lessons from generation to generation. The supernatural beings that emerge from these stories intertwine with reality, helping to make sense of the world and existence. Thus, myths create a sense of order and belonging, offering each individual a way to understand their place and role in the universe.
Origin of Mythical Thought
Mythical thought is a way through which a people explains essential aspects of reality: the origin of the world, the workings of nature, natural processes, the origins of that people, and their basic values. It originated in ancient Greece, between the 21st and 6th centuries BC, born from the desire to understand and master the world, dispelling fear and insecurity. The truth of myth does not follow logic based on experience or science. It is an intuitive truth, accepted without the need for proof. Thus, it represents a comprehensive perception of reality, a spontaneous way for human beings to situate themselves in the world.
A central element of mythical thought is its appeal to the supernatural, mystery, the sacred, and magic. In this view, the causes of natural phenomena and human events are governed by an external reality — superior, mysterious, and divine. Only priests, magicians, and initiates are considered capable of interpreting this reality, albeit partially.
Types of Myths
Myths can be classified into various categories according to their theme or function. Each type reveals unique aspects of nature, society, and human existence, grounding the understanding of cultural beliefs and practices. According to Klacewicz's classification (2009), myths are divided into the following categories:
- Theogonic: relating to the origin of gods.
- Cosmogonic: about the origin of the universe.
- Astronomical: connected to the astral world.
- Cultural: explanation of customs and institutions.
- Natural: explanation of physical phenomena.
- Etiological: related to the origin of things.
- Armstrong, Karen (2006), A Brief History of Myth. Lisboa: Editorial Teorema (original ed. 2005).
- Barthes, Roland (1997), Mythologies. Lisboa: Edições 70 (original ed. 1957).
- Burkert, Walter (1991), Myth and Mythology. Lisboa: Edições 70.
- ELIADE, Mircea. Aspects of Myths. (Translation by Manuela Torres). Lisboa: Edições 70, 1986.
- STRAUSS, Claude L. (1981), Myth and Meaning. Lisboa: Edições 70 (original ed., 1978).
Myths and Society
Myths play a fundamental role in constructing a society's cultural identity. They serve as behavioral models and help communities understand their place in the world. By allowing people to explore essential aspects of their existence, myths guide them in the search for a more meaningful and purposeful life. Even today, they maintain their relevance, providing a symbolic framework for interpreting reality and the values that sustain a culture.
In modern society, however, the term "myth" is frequently associated with something false or exaggerated. It is also used to describe iconic figures in popular culture, such as artists and athletes. This superficial use tends to distance myth from its original meaning and cultural importance. Nevertheless, it is crucial to recognize that myths preserve a powerful symbolic function, maintaining knowledge and traditions fundamental to collective identity. Throughout history, different civilizations have created myths to explain their origin and the formation of humanity, showing that even isolated peoples have primordial narratives that give meaning to their existence.
Conclusion
Myth is a sacred narrative that transcends time and space, offering explanations about the origins of the universe, nature, and human behavior. Although the concept of myth has transformed in modern society, it continues to be a powerful tool for understanding the world and our existence. Myths provide exemplary models of conduct and help preserve the collective identity of a society. Even in the face of cultural changes, myth remains an essential part of human experience, demonstrating its lasting relevance.